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- NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
- being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
- The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
- prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
- See United States v. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
-
- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
-
- Syllabus
-
- NEW YORK STATE CONFERENCE OF BLUE
- CROSS & BLUE SHIELD PLANS et al. v.
- TRAVELERS INSURANCE CO. et al.
- certiorari to the united states court of appeals for
- the second circuit
- No. 93-1408. Argued January 18, 1995-Decided April 26, 1995
-
- A New York statute requires hospitals to collect surcharges from
- patients covered by a commercial insurer but not from patients
- insured by a Blue Cross/Blue Shield plan, and also subjects certain
- health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to surcharges. Several
- commercial insurers and their trade associations filed actions
- against state officials, claiming that 514(a) of the Employee Retire-
- ment Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)-under which state laws
- that ``relate to'' any covered employee benefit plan are supersed-
- ed-pre-empts the imposition of surcharges on bills of patients
- whose commercial insurance coverage is purchased by an ERISA
- plan, and on HMOs insofar as their membership fees are paid by an
- ERISA plan. Blue Cross/Blue Shield plans (collectively the Blues)
- and a hospital association intervened as defendants, and several
- HMOs and an HMO conference intervened as plaintiffs. The Dis-
- trict Court consolidated the actions and granted the plaintiffs
- summary judgment. The Court of Appeals affirmed, relying on this
- Court's decisions in Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U. S. 85, and
- District of Columbia v. Greater Washington Board of Trade, 506
- U. S. ___, holding that ERISA's pre-emption clause must be read
- broadly to reach any state law having a connection with, or refer-
- ence to, covered benefit plans. The court decided that the surcharg-
- es were meant to increase the costs of certain insurance and HMO
- health care and held that this purposeful interference with the
- choices that ERISA plans make for health care coverage constitutes
- a ``connection with'' ERISA plans triggering pre-emption.
- Held: New York's surcharge provisions do not ``relate to'' employee
- benefit plans within the meaning of 514(a) and, thus, are not pre-
- empted. Pp. 7-22.
- (a) Under Shaw, supra, the provisions ``relate to'' ERISA plans if
- they have a ``connection with,'' or make ``reference to,'' the plans.
- They clearly make no reference to ERISA plans, and ERISA's text
- is unhelpful in determining whether they have a ``connection with''
- them. Thus, the Court must look to ERISA's objectives as a guide
- to the scope of the state law that Congress understood would sur-
- vive. Pp. 7-9.
- (b) The basic thrust of the pre-emption clause was to avoid a
- multiplicity of regulation in order to permit the nationally uniform
- administration of employee benefit plans. Thus, ERISA pre-empts
- state laws that mandate employee benefit structures or their admin-
- istration as well as those that provide alternate enforcement mecha-
- nisms. The purpose and effects of New York's statute are quite
- different, however. The principal reason for charge differentials is
- that the Blues provide coverage to many subscribers whom the
- commercial insurers would reject. Since the differentials make the
- Blues more attractive, they have an indirect economic effect on
- choices made by insurance buyers, including ERISA plans. Howev-
- er, an indirect economic influence does not bind plan administrators
- to any particular choice or preclude uniform administrative practice
- or the provision of a uniform interstate benefit package. It simply
- bears on the costs of benefits and the relative costs of competing
- insurance to provide them. Cost uniformity almost certainly is not
- an object of pre-emption. Rate differentials are common even in the
- absence of state action, and therefore it is unlikely that ERISA
- meant to bar such indirect influences under state law. The exis-
- tence of other common state actions with indirect economic effects
- on a plan's cost-such as quality control standards and workplace
- regulation-leaves the intent to pre-empt even less likely, since such
- laws would have to be superseded as well. New York's surcharges
- leave plan administrators where they would be in any case, with the
- responsibility to choose the best overall coverage for the money, and
- thus they do not bear the requisite ``connection with'' ERISA plans
- to trigger pre-emption. Pp. 9-16.
- (c) This conclusion is confirmed by the decision in Mackey v.
- Lanier Collection Agency & Service, Inc., 486 U. S. 825, that ERISA
- pre-emption falls short of barring application of general state gar-
- nishment statutes to participants' benefits in the hands of an ERISA
- plan. And New York's surcharges do not impose the kind of sub-
- stantive coverage requirement binding plan administrators that was
- at issue in Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Massachusetts, 471
- U. S. 724, since they do not require plans to deal with only one
- insurer or to insure against an entire category of illnesses the plans
- might otherwise choose not to cover. Pp. 16-18.
- (d) Any conclusion other than the one drawn here would have
- the unsettling result of barring any state regulation of hospital costs
- on the theory that all laws with indirect economic effects on ERISA
- plans are pre-empted. However, there is no hint in ERISA's legisla-
- tive history or elsewhere that Congress intended to squelch the
- efforts of several States that were regulating hospital charges to
- some degree at the time ERISA was passed. Moreover, such a
- broad interpretation of 514 would have rendered nugatory an entire
- federal statute-enacted after ERISA by the same Congress-that
- gave comprehensive aid to state health care rate regulation.
- Pp. 18-21.
- (e) In reaching this decision, the Court does not hold that ERISA
- pre-empts only direct regulation of ERISA plans. It is possible that
- a state law might produce such acute, albeit indirect, economic
- effects as to force an ERISA plan to adopt a certain scheme of
- coverage or effectively restrict its choice of insurers, but such is not
- the case here. P. 22.
- 14 F. 3d 708, reversed and remanded.
- Souter, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
-